diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 3910982..7764878 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -97,8 +97,11 @@ project workspace or development destination.
 
 - [Project charter](docs/project-charter.md)
 - [Product and research roadmap](docs/roadmap.md)
+- [MOPA workbench UX requirements](docs/design/mopa-workbench-ux.md)
 - [Current Phase 0 status](docs/status/phase-0.md)
 - [Open-source reuse landscape](docs/research/open-source-landscape.md)
+- [LightBurn-to-Rayforge UX capability map](docs/research/lightburn-rayforge-ux-capability-map.md)
+- [Rayforge layer visibility and output spike](docs/research/rayforge-layer-model-spike.md)
 - [Proposed Rayforge/BalorMK reuse decision](docs/adr/0002-reuse-rayforge-and-balormk.md)
 - [Live USB enumeration](docs/research/live-usb-enumeration-2026-10-17.md)
 - [LightBurn device-export analysis](docs/research/lightburn-device-exports-2026-10-19.md)
@@ -121,6 +124,12 @@ The checks verify manifest integrity, public/private evidence contracts,
 disallowed binary types, private identifiers, local user paths, and other
 likely data leaks. They do not certify hardware safety.
 
+Rayforge source and its Windows build stack are not vendored or downloaded by
+these checks. The exact upstream revision is recorded in
+`upstreams/rayforge.json`; run `scripts/prepare_rayforge_build.ps1` explicitly
+to populate the ignored build cache. Dependency installation and bundle
+creation require separate command switches.
+
 ## Safety boundary
 
 - Simulation precedes equivalent hardware behavior.
diff --git a/docs/adr/0002-reuse-rayforge-and-balormk.md b/docs/adr/0002-reuse-rayforge-and-balormk.md
index 1b02e9f..9851a16 100644
--- a/docs/adr/0002-reuse-rayforge-and-balormk.md
+++ b/docs/adr/0002-reuse-rayforge-and-balormk.md
@@ -110,6 +110,14 @@ Subsequent offline evidence:
   Rayforge's generated settings contract exposes frequency and pulse width,
   preserves them through step serialization and supplies preview Ops without
   transport; packaged GTK interaction remains untested.
+- [LightBurn-to-Rayforge UX capability map](../research/lightburn-rayforge-ux-capability-map.md):
+  the casual-maker workflow maps mostly to existing Rayforge product seams;
+  the remaining UX gaps are narrow, testable extensions rather than evidence
+  for a separate desktop application.
+- [Rayforge layer visibility and output spike](../research/rayforge-layer-model-spike.md):
+  canvas visibility and job participation are already independent serialized
+  states; LightBurn-style layer Output is a narrow aggregate UI concern, not a
+  new pipeline or document-model requirement.
 
 These results support continuing toward complete list buffering and production
 integration, but they do not yet satisfy every proof obligation or change this
diff --git a/docs/research/rayforge-layer-model-spike.md b/docs/research/rayforge-layer-model-spike.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ba9643e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/research/rayforge-layer-model-spike.md
@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+# Rayforge layer visibility and output spike
+
+- Date: 2026-10-20
+- Rayforge commit: `c28918c87f8273dd1d244f5a057addc192807fa5`
+- Scope: layer model, workflow output, ordering and serialization
+- Transport: none
+
+## Result
+
+Rayforge already separates the two behaviors required by the PirateRay UX,
+but at different levels of its model:
+
+- `Layer.visible` controls whether a layer is rendered on the canvas and in
+  visual previews;
+- `Step.visible` controls whether a workflow operation participates in the
+  generated job pipeline.
+
+The states are independent. A hidden layer can retain an enabled operation,
+which matches LightBurn's rule that hiding artwork does not silently disable
+output. Conversely, disabling a workflow step removes that operation from job
+generation without changing the layer's canvas visibility.
+
+The pinned model round-trip preserved:
+
+- layer name `Engraving`;
+- layer color `#123456`;
+- hidden layer state;
+- operation name `Mark outline`;
+- enabled operation state;
+- an explicitly reordered layer list (`Second`, then `First`).
+
+The deterministic result is stored in
+`tests/fixtures/rayforge-layer-model.json`.
+
+## UX fit
+
+Rayforge's existing layer header exposes one eye control for
+`Layer.visible`. Its operation editor exposes a visibility switch for each
+`Step.visible`. The pipeline checks step visibility and does not check layer
+visibility when constructing job nodes.
+
+This means the required Show/Output semantics do **not** require a new pipeline
+field or a duplicate layer model. The smallest PirateRay-facing extension is
+an aggregate **Output** control in the layer presentation:
+
+- on: all supported workflow steps in the layer are enabled;
+- off: all workflow steps in the layer are disabled;
+- mixed: some workflow steps are enabled and some are disabled.
+
+An aggregate toggle must preserve or deliberately define what happens to a
+previous mixed selection. The safest interaction is to expose the mixed state,
+let the layer toggle affect all steps, and leave per-operation switches
+available in Advanced view. This is a UI policy decision over existing model
+state, not a serialization migration.
+
+## Ordering
+
+`Doc.layers` is the single ordered layer list. Drag-and-drop calls the
+undoable `reorder_layers` command, canvas stacking follows the same list, and
+the intent builder iterates it in order when constructing job nodes. The
+serialized document retains that order.
+
+The source documentation states that layers execute left to right. A packaged
+no-device GUI checkpoint should still confirm that the visible ordering affordance
+is understandable to a casual maker and that preview communicates the same
+order.
+
+## Remaining interaction evidence
+
+The source and model evidence close the data-model question, but not the human
+interaction checkpoint. A packaged no-device test should verify:
+
+1. the layer eye changes only canvas/preview visibility;
+2. a disabled operation remains visibly distinct from a hidden layer;
+3. the proposed aggregate Output control reports on/off/mixed correctly;
+4. save/reload retains names, colors, order and both states;
+5. preview and no-device job output omit disabled steps but retain hidden,
+   enabled layers.
+
+No USB enumeration, controller command, motion, physical framing, or emission
+occurred.
+
+## Reproduce
+
+Run against the pinned checkout with the already isolated Rayforge Python
+environment:
+
+```powershell
+python scripts/spike_rayforge_layer_model.py <rayforge-checkout> `
+  --output tests/fixtures/rayforge-layer-model.json
+```
+
+## Source anchors
+
+- `rayforge/core/layer.py`: layer visibility, color and serialization
+- `rayforge/core/step.py`: operation visibility and serialization
+- `rayforge/pipeline/intent_builder.py`: step filtering and ordered job nodes
+- `rayforge/ui_gtk/doceditor/layer_column.py`: layer eye control
+- `rayforge/ui_gtk/doceditor/step_box.py`: operation visibility control
+- `rayforge/ui_gtk/doceditor/layers_tab.py`: undoable drag ordering
+- `rayforge/ui_gtk/canvas2d/surface.py`: canvas stacking order
+- `website/docs/features/multi-layer.md`: documented execution semantics
+
diff --git a/scripts/spike_rayforge_layer_model.py b/scripts/spike_rayforge_layer_model.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..826b1ca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/scripts/spike_rayforge_layer_model.py
@@ -0,0 +1,134 @@
+"""Characterize Rayforge layer visibility, output, order, and persistence."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import argparse
+import hashlib
+import inspect
+import json
+import subprocess
+import sys
+from pathlib import Path
+
+
+RAYFORGE_COMMIT = "c28918c87f8273dd1d244f5a057addc192807fa5"
+
+
+def checkout_commit(root: Path) -> str:
+    result = subprocess.run(
+        ["git", "rev-parse", "HEAD"],
+        cwd=root,
+        check=True,
+        capture_output=True,
+        text=True,
+    )
+    return result.stdout.strip()
+
+
+def characterize(root: Path) -> dict:
+    commit = checkout_commit(root)
+    if commit != RAYFORGE_COMMIT:
+        raise RuntimeError(
+            f"Expected Rayforge {RAYFORGE_COMMIT}, found {commit}"
+        )
+
+    sys.path.insert(0, str(root))
+    from rayforge.core.doc import Doc
+    from rayforge.core.layer import Layer
+    from rayforge.core.step import Step
+    from rayforge.pipeline.intent_builder import IntentBuilder
+
+    layer = Layer("Engraving")
+    layer.set_color("#123456")
+    workflow = layer.workflow
+    if workflow is None:
+        raise RuntimeError("Test layer has no workflow")
+    step = Step("Contour", "Mark outline")
+    workflow.add_step(step)
+
+    layer.set_visible(False)
+    step.set_visible(True)
+    restored = Layer.from_dict(layer.to_dict())
+    restored_step = restored.workflow.steps[0] if restored.workflow else None
+
+    first = Layer("First")
+    second = Layer("Second")
+    doc = Doc()
+    doc.set_layers([second, first])
+    serialized_order = [
+        child["name"]
+        for child in doc.to_dict()["children"]
+        if child.get("type") == "layer"
+    ]
+
+    build_source = inspect.getsource(IntentBuilder.build)
+    render_source = inspect.getsource(Layer.get_renderable_items)
+    layer_ui = (
+        root / "rayforge" / "ui_gtk" / "doceditor" / "layer_column.py"
+    ).read_text(encoding="utf-8")
+    step_ui = (
+        root / "rayforge" / "ui_gtk" / "doceditor" / "step_box.py"
+    ).read_text(encoding="utf-8")
+
+    return {
+        "rayforge_commit": commit,
+        "hardware_access": False,
+        "model": {
+            "layer_visible": layer.visible,
+            "step_visible": step.visible,
+            "states_are_independent": (
+                layer.visible is False and step.visible is True
+            ),
+            "roundtrip": {
+                "layer_name": restored.name,
+                "layer_color": restored.color,
+                "layer_visible": restored.visible,
+                "step_name": restored_step.name if restored_step else None,
+                "step_visible": (
+                    restored_step.visible if restored_step else None
+                ),
+            },
+            "serialized_layer_order": serialized_order,
+        },
+        "source_contract": {
+            "canvas_checks_layer_visibility": (
+                "if not self.visible" in render_source
+            ),
+            "job_pipeline_checks_step_visibility": (
+                "if not step.visible" in build_source
+            ),
+            "job_pipeline_checks_layer_visibility": (
+                "layer.visible" in build_source
+            ),
+            "layer_visibility_control": (
+                "Toggle layer visibility" in layer_ui
+            ),
+            "step_visibility_control": "Toggle step visibility" in step_ui,
+        },
+        "conclusion": (
+            "Rayforge separates canvas visibility at layer level from output "
+            "participation at workflow-step level; a LightBurn-style layer "
+            "Output control can be an aggregate UI over existing step states."
+        ),
+    }
+
+
+def main() -> int:
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
+    parser.add_argument("rayforge_checkout", type=Path)
+    parser.add_argument("--output", type=Path)
+    args = parser.parse_args()
+
+    result = characterize(args.rayforge_checkout.resolve())
+    payload = json.dumps(result, indent=2, sort_keys=True) + "\n"
+    if args.output:
+        args.output.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+        args.output.write_text(payload, encoding="utf-8")
+    else:
+        print(payload, end="")
+    print(f"sha256={hashlib.sha256(payload.encode()).hexdigest()}")
+    return 0
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    raise SystemExit(main())
diff --git a/tests/fixtures/rayforge-layer-model.json b/tests/fixtures/rayforge-layer-model.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2a156ab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/fixtures/rayforge-layer-model.json
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+{
+  "conclusion": "Rayforge separates canvas visibility at layer level from output participation at workflow-step level; a LightBurn-style layer Output control can be an aggregate UI over existing step states.",
+  "hardware_access": false,
+  "model": {
+    "layer_visible": false,
+    "roundtrip": {
+      "layer_color": "#123456",
+      "layer_name": "Engraving",
+      "layer_visible": false,
+      "step_name": "Mark outline",
+      "step_visible": true
+    },
+    "serialized_layer_order": [
+      "Second",
+      "First"
+    ],
+    "states_are_independent": true,
+    "step_visible": true
+  },
+  "rayforge_commit": "c28918c87f8273dd1d244f5a057addc192807fa5",
+  "source_contract": {
+    "canvas_checks_layer_visibility": true,
+    "job_pipeline_checks_layer_visibility": false,
+    "job_pipeline_checks_step_visibility": true,
+    "layer_visibility_control": true,
+    "step_visibility_control": true
+  }
+}
diff --git a/tests/test_rayforge_layer_model_spike.py b/tests/test_rayforge_layer_model_spike.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1d05e5d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_rayforge_layer_model_spike.py
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+import json
+import unittest
+from pathlib import Path
+
+
+ROOT = Path(__file__).resolve().parents[1]
+FIXTURE = ROOT / "tests" / "fixtures" / "rayforge-layer-model.json"
+SCRIPT = ROOT / "scripts" / "spike_rayforge_layer_model.py"
+
+
+class RayforgeLayerModelSpikeTests(unittest.TestCase):
+    @classmethod
+    def setUpClass(cls):
+        cls.result = json.loads(FIXTURE.read_text(encoding="utf-8"))
+
+    def test_visibility_and_output_states_are_independent(self):
+        self.assertTrue(self.result["model"]["states_are_independent"])
+        self.assertFalse(self.result["model"]["layer_visible"])
+        self.assertTrue(self.result["model"]["step_visible"])
+
+    def test_states_name_color_and_order_survive_serialization(self):
+        restored = self.result["model"]["roundtrip"]
+        self.assertEqual(restored["layer_name"], "Engraving")
+        self.assertEqual(restored["layer_color"], "#123456")
+        self.assertFalse(restored["layer_visible"])
+        self.assertEqual(restored["step_name"], "Mark outline")
+        self.assertTrue(restored["step_visible"])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            self.result["model"]["serialized_layer_order"],
+            ["Second", "First"],
+        )
+
+    def test_canvas_and_job_pipeline_use_different_states(self):
+        contract = self.result["source_contract"]
+        self.assertTrue(contract["canvas_checks_layer_visibility"])
+        self.assertTrue(contract["job_pipeline_checks_step_visibility"])
+        self.assertFalse(contract["job_pipeline_checks_layer_visibility"])
+        self.assertTrue(contract["layer_visibility_control"])
+        self.assertTrue(contract["step_visibility_control"])
+
+    def test_spike_is_hardware_free(self):
+        self.assertFalse(self.result["hardware_access"])
+        source = SCRIPT.read_text(encoding="utf-8").lower()
+        for forbidden in ("pyusb", "usb.core", "9588", "9899"):
+            self.assertNotIn(forbidden, source)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()